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Dominican Republic
Introduction
Background: | Explored and claimed by Christopher COLUMBUS on his first voyage in 1492, the island of Hispaniola became a springboard for Spanish conquest of the Caribbean and the American mainland. In 1697, Spain recognized French dominion over the western third of the island, which in 1804 became Haiti. The remainder of the island, by then known as Santo Domingo, sought to gain its own independence in 1821, but was conquered and ruled by the Haitians for 22 years; it finally attained independence as the Dominican Republic in 1844. In 1861, the Dominicans voluntarily returned to the Spanish Empire, but two years later they launched a war that restored independence in 1865. A legacy of unsettled, mostly non-representative rule followed, capped by the dictatorship of Rafael Leonidas TRUJILLO from 1930-61. Juan BOSCH was elected president in 1962, but was deposed in a military coup in 1963. In 1965, the United States led an intervention in the midst of a civil war sparked by an uprising to restore BOSCH. In 1966, Joaquin BALAGUER defeated BOSCH in an election to become president. BALAGUER maintained a tight grip on power for most of the next 30 years when international reaction to flawed elections forced him to curtail his term in 1996. Since then, regular competitive elections have been held in which opposition candidates have won the presidency. Former President (1996-2000) Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna won election to a second term in 2004 following a constitutional amendment allowing presidents to serve more than one term. |
Geography
Location: | Caribbean, eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of Haiti |
Geographic coordinates: | 19 00 N, 70 40 W |
Map references: | Central America and the Caribbean |
Area: | total: 48,730 sq km land: 48,380 sq km water: 350 sq km |
Area - comparative: | slightly more than twice the size of New Hampshire |
Land boundaries: | total: 360 km border countries: Haiti 360 km |
Coastline: | 1,288 km |
Maritime claims: | territorial sea: 6 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin |
Climate: | tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall |
Terrain: | rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys interspersed |
Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Lago Enriquillo -46 m highest point: Pico Duarte 3,175 m |
Natural resources: | nickel, bauxite, gold, silver |
Land use: | arable land: 22.49% permanent crops: 10.26% other: 67.25% (2005) |
Irrigated land: | 2,750 sq km (2003) |
Natural hazards: | lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding; periodic droughts |
Environment - current issues: | water shortages; soil eroding into the sea damages coral reefs; deforestation |
Environment - international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea |
Geography - note: | shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti |
People
Population: | 9,365,818 (July 2007 est.) |
Age structure: | 0-14 years: 32.1% (male 1,532,813/female 1,477,033) 15-64 years: 62.2% (male 2,971,620/female 2,851,207) 65 years and over: 5.7% (male 247,738/female 285,407) (2007 est.) |
Median age: | total: 24.5 years male: 24.3 years female: 24.6 years (2007 est.) |
Population growth rate: | 1.5% (2007 est.) |
Birth rate: | 22.91 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
Death rate: | 5.32 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
Net migration rate: | -2.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.038 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.042 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.868 male(s)/female total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2007 est.) |
Infant mortality rate: | total: 27.94 deaths/1,000 live births male: 30.05 deaths/1,000 live births female: 25.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) |
Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 73.07 years male: 71.34 years female: 74.87 years (2007 est.) |
Total fertility rate: | 2.81 children born/woman (2007 est.) |
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 1.7% (2003 est.) |
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 88,000 (2003 est.) |
HIV/AIDS - deaths: | 7,900 (2003 est.) |
Nationality: | noun: Dominican(s) adjective: Dominican |
Ethnic groups: | mixed 73%, white 16%, black 11% |
Religions: | Roman Catholic 95%, other 5% |
Languages: | Spanish |
Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 87% male: 86.8% female: 87.2% (2002 census) |
Government
Country name: | conventional long form: Dominican Republic conventional short form: The Dominican local long form: Republica Dominicana local short form: La Dominicana |
Government type: | democratic republic |
Capital: | name: Santo Domingo geographic coordinates: 18 28 N, 69 54 W time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) |
Administrative divisions: | 31 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 district* (distrito); Azua, Baoruco, Barahona, Dajabon, Distrito Nacional*, Duarte, El Seibo, Elias Pina, Espaillat, Hato Mayor, Independencia, La Altagracia, La Romana, La Vega, Maria Trinidad Sanchez, Monsenor Nouel, Monte Cristi, Monte Plata, Pedernales, Peravia, Puerto Plata, Salcedo, Samana, San Cristobal, San Jose de Ocoa, San Juan, San Pedro de Macoris, Sanchez Ramirez, Santiago, Santiago Rodriguez, Santo Domingo, Valverde |
Independence: | 27 February 1844 (from Haiti) |
National holiday: | Independence Day, 27 February (1844) |
Constitution: | 28 November 1966; amended 25 July 2002 |
Legal system: | based on French civil codes; Criminal Procedures Code modified in 2004 to include important elements of an accusatory system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
Suffrage: | 18 years of age, universal and compulsory; married persons regardless of age; note - members of the armed forces and national police cannot vote |
Executive branch: | chief of state: President Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna (since 16 August 2004); Vice President Rafael ALBURQUERQUE de Castro (since 16 August 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna (since 16 August 2004); Vice President Rafael ALBURQUERQUE de Castro (since 16 August 2004) cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the president elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second consecutive term); election last held 16 May 2004 (next to be held in May 2008) election results: Leonel FERNANDEZ elected president; percent of vote - Leonel FERNANDEZ 57.1%, Rafael Hipolito MEJIA Dominguez 33.7%, Eduardo ESTRELLA 8.7% |
Legislative branch: | bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the Senate or Senado (32 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Camara de Diputados (178 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 16 May 2006 (next to be held in May 2008); House of Representatives - last held 16 May 2006 (next to be held in May 2008) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PLD 22, PRD 6, PRSC 4; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PLD 96, PRD 60, PRSC 22 |
Judicial branch: | Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges are appointed by the National Judicial Council comprised of the president, the leaders of both chambers of congress, the president of the Supreme Court, and an additional non-governing party congressional representative) |
Political parties and leaders: | Dominican Liberation Party or PLD [Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna]; Dominican Revolutionary Party or PRD [Ramon ALBURQUERQUE]; National Progressive Front [Vincent CASTILLO, Pelegrin CASTILLO]; Social Christian Reformist Party or PRSC [Enrique ANTUN] |
Political pressure groups and leaders: | Citizen Participation Group (Participacion Ciudadania); Collective of Popular Organizations or COP; Foundation for Institution-Building and Justice (FINJUS) |
International organization participation: | ACP, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (suspended), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW (signatory), PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Flavio Dario ESPINAL Jacobo chancery: 1715 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-6280 FAX: [1] (202) 265-8057 consulate(s) general: Anchorage, Boston, Chicago, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico), Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico) |
Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Hans H. HERTELL embassy: corner of Calle Cesar Nicolas Penson and Calle Leopoldo Navarro, Santo Domingo mailing address: Unit 5500, APO AA 34041-5500 telephone: [1] (809) 221-2171 FAX: [1] (809) 686-7437 |
Flag description: | a centered white cross that extends to the edges divides the flag into four rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, and the bottom ones are red (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of arms featuring a shield supported by an olive branch (left) and a palm branch (right) is at the center of the cross; above the shield a blue ribbon displays the motto, DIOS, PATRIA, LIBERTAD (God, Fatherland, Liberty), and below the shield, REPUBLICA DOMINICANA appears on a red ribbon |
Economy
Economy - overview: | The Dominican Republic is a Caribbean representative democracy that enjoyed strong GDP growth until 2003. Although the country has long been viewed primarily as an exporter of sugar, coffee, and tobacco, in recent years the service sector has overtaken agriculture as the economy's largest employer due to growth in tourism and free trade zones. Growth turned negative in 2003 with reduced tourism, a major bank fraud, and limited growth in the US economy (the source of about 80% of export revenues), but recovered in 2004-06. With the help of strict fiscal targets agreed in the 2004 renegotiation of an IMF standby loan, President FERNANDEZ has stabilized the country's financial situation. Although the economy continues to grow at a respectable rate, high unemployment and inflation remain important challenges. The country suffers from marked income inequality; the poorest half of the population receives less than one-fifth of GNP, while the richest 10% enjoys nearly 40% of national income. The Dominican Republic's development prospects improved with the ratification of the Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) in September 2005. |
GDP (purchasing power parity): | $77.09 billion (2006 est.) |
GDP (official exchange rate): | $20.55 billion (2006 est.) |
GDP - real growth rate: | 10.7% (2006 est.) |
GDP - per capita (PPP): | $8,400 (2006 est.) |
GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 11.2% industry: 30.6% services: 58.2% (2005 est.) |
Labor force: | 3.896 million (2006 est.) |
Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture: 17% industry: 24.3% services: 58.7% (1998 est.) |
Unemployment rate: | 16% (2006 est.) |
Population below poverty line: | 25% |
Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 2.1% highest 10%: 37.9% (1998) |
Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 47.4 (1998) |
Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 8.2% (2006 est.) |
Investment (gross fixed): | 15.5% of GDP (2006 est.) |
Budget: | revenues: $5.852 billion expenditures: $5.947 billion; including capital expenditures of $1.1 billion (2006 est.) |
Public debt: | 45.6% of GDP (2006 est.) |
Agriculture - products: | sugarcane, coffee, cotton, cocoa, tobacco, rice, beans, potatoes, corn, bananas; cattle, pigs, dairy products, beef, eggs |
Industries: | tourism, sugar processing, ferronickel and gold mining, textiles, cement, tobacco |
Industrial production growth rate: | 2% (2001 est.) |
Electricity - production: | 15.02 billion kWh (2004) |
Electricity - production by source: | fossil fuel: 92% hydro: 7.6% nuclear: 0% other: 0.4% (2001) |
Electricity - consumption: | 13.96 billion kWh (2004) |
Electricity - exports: | 0 kWh (2004) |
Electricity - imports: | 0 kWh (2004) |
Oil - production: | 12 bbl/day (2004) |
Oil - consumption: | 127,000 bbl/day (2004 est.) |
Oil - exports: | NA bbl/day |
Oil - imports: | 129,900 bbl/day (2003) |
Natural gas - production: | 0 cu m (2004 est.) |
Natural gas - consumption: | 130 million cu m (2004 est.) |
Natural gas - imports: | 130 million cu m (2004 est.) |
Current account balance: | -$1.124 billion (2006 est.) |
Exports: | $6.495 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) |
Exports - commodities: | ferronickel, sugar, gold, silver, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, meats, consumer goods |
Exports - partners: | US 78.9%, Netherlands 2.4%, Mexico 1.9% (2005) |
Imports: | $11.39 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) |
Imports - commodities: | foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton and fabrics, chemicals and pharmaceuticals |
Imports - partners: | US 50%, Colombia 6.2%, Mexico 5.8% (2005) |
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: | $2.106 billion (2006 est.) |
Debt - external: | $8.634 billion (2006 est.) |
Economic aid - recipient: | $571.6 million (2004) |
Currency (code): | Dominican peso (DOP) |
Currency code: | DOP |
Exchange rates: | Dominican pesos per US dollar - 33.406 (2006), 30.409 (2005), 42.12 (2004), 30.831 (2003), 18.61 (2002) |
Fiscal year: | calendar year |
Communications
Telephones - main lines in use: | 894,500 (2005) |
Telephones - mobile cellular: | 3.623 million (2005) |
Telephone system: | general assessment: NA domestic: relatively efficient system based on island-wide microwave radio relay network international: country code - 1-809; 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) |
Radio broadcast stations: | AM 120, FM 56, shortwave 4 (1998) |
Radios: | 1.44 million (1997) |
Television broadcast stations: | 25 (2003) |
Televisions: | 770,000 (1997) |
Internet country code: | .do |
Internet hosts: | 91,895 (2006) |
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 24 (2000) |
Internet users: | 938,300 (2005) |
Transportation
Airports: | 33 (2006) |
Airports - with paved runways: | total: 14 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 1 (2006) |
Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 19 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 10 (2006) |
Railways: | total: 517 km standard gauge: 375 km 1.435-m gauge narrow gauge: 142 km 0.762-m gauge note: additional 1,226 km operated by sugar companies in 1.076 m, 0.889 m, and 0.762-m gauges (2005) |
Roadways: | total: 12,600 km paved: 6,224 km unpaved: 6,376 km (1999) |
Merchant marine: | total: 1 ship (1000 GRT or over) 1,587 GRT/1,165 DWT by type: cargo 1 (2006) |
Ports and terminals: | Boca Chica, Puerto Plata, Rio Haina, Santo Domingo |
Military
Military branches: | Army, Navy, Air Force |
Military service age and obligation: | 18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001) |
Manpower available for military service: | males age 18-49: 2,133,142 females age 18-49: 2,032,840 (2005 est.) |
Manpower fit for military service: | males age 18-49: 1,671,493 females age 18-49: 1,536,257 (2005 est.) |
Manpower reaching military service age annually: | males age 18-49: 91,699 females age 18-49: 87,550 (2005 est.) |
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 0.8% (2006) |
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: | Haitian migrants cross the porous border into the Dominican Republic to find work; illegal migrants from the Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage each year to Puerto Rico to find better work |
Illicit drugs: | transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US and Europe; has become a transshipment point for ecstasy from the Netherlands and Belgium destined for US and Canada; substantial money laundering activity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor the Dominican Republic for illicit financial transactions; significant amphetamine consumption |